TERRORISM - Anglais

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In 2004, Madrid bombings that left up to 200 dead and several hundred wounded are awareness among European nations that Islamic terrorism is a global phenomenon.

In 2015, several terrorist attacks perpetrated in the Paris area: the attacks in January 2015 in France for writing satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo, the Jewish community and two police officers, and the attacks of November 13, 2015 in France by a total of 130 dead on the terrace of several breweries in the Bataclan auditorium and the France Stadium.

The twenty-first century, Islamic terrorism is often regarded as a global movement, because of a similar speech, and highlighted a few major "causes" that would justify: injustices suffered by Muslims in Palestine, Bosnia, in Kashmir. It manifests itself in Western countries, mainly in countries of Muslim tradition, particularly in Africa and the Near and Middle East. Mike Smith, Boko Haram: Inside Nigeria's Unholy War, then its genesis shows that more than universalist concerns, it often results from use of religion in clan societies in opposition to the state, like Somalia or Tchad11.Olivier Roy, speaking of Islamization in general, emphasizes two factors in globalized Islam: "the primacy of ethnic and national determination, but also the exploitation of peripheral jihad by neo-fundamentalists, to give substance by default, to the universal ummah ". It is this "Islamo-tribalism" he identifies in southern Yemen, among the Taliban, Dagestan or the many "Islamic emirate" opposing the administration of the State, and having established Sharia ( Pakistan, Kano in Nigeria ...) 12. Ali Laidi, indicating in Flashback. How globalization has given birth terrorism that "in 2005, nearly nine out of ten victims of international terrorism have fallen in Iraq and Jordan," the breeding ground of terrorism is not the weakness of the state, but rather " in a Muslim world largely ruled by dictatorships, Islam, driven to violent action by repression, becomes destabilizing factor.

According RAND database on terrorism, which keeps track of all terrorist attacks worldwide between 1971 and 2009, there are generally between 8 and 20 years by Islamist attacks in Western Europe during the 1980s , against 0-3 (except for two years) from the mid to late 199014. For the researcher Stéphane Leman-Langlois, the peak observed during the 1980s was due to the geopolitical situation in époque14.

- Causes

This terrorism has various causes.

For Mr. Chebel, terrorism thrives on the failure of Muslim rulers on the field of social protest, poverty of the people and the corruption of elites Baillet16 1516. Dominique considers the causes are both economic, political , social and psychological:

• Economically, it would be well fed by the North-South imbalance, because the Muslim world is in an economic situation of "underdevelopment".

• Politically, it would be fed by the despotic and authoritarian regimes in place since decolonization and by unresolved issues such as the Palestinian issue and the Iraqi embargo.

• On the social level it would be fueled by growing poverty, unemployment, social deprivation and the lack of individual freedoms.

• Other causes are psychological: they may especially be caused by disenchantment, the dream of a better world, the rejection of materialism, resentment, frustration, lack of recognition.

These factors also act in combination with the inability of a mutual understanding between the Muslim worlds would be and what would be the West.

According to Dominique Baillet, some Islamists might also have the feeling of being humiliated, and believe that Western might consider Islam as a religion underdeveloped. According to him, the humiliation would indeed be a source of violence.

J. Neirinck for T. Ramadan and Islamists would see in the West a form of polytheism where the worship of "Money, power, sex, violence, noise, clever or brutal negation of spirituality, of all morality and all transcendence "would form a kind of negation of religion. This would allow them to unite around that feeling.

For R. Girard, "terrorism is linked to a different world from ours, but which raises this difference it away from us and makes it inconceivable. Instead, it is in an exacerbated desire for convergence and likeness. " It thus falls within "the will to rally and mobilize an entire third world of frustrated victims and their mimetic rivalry relations with the West".

For Mr. Chebel, terrorism continues with "blindness rich countries, even beyond the ideological struggle, brutal interpret these phenomena as simply revenge ragged beggar on haves" in 1516.

- Criticism and uses of the term

According Semih Vaner, research director at the Centre for Studies and International Research, "Islamic terrorism does not exist. For him, there is a variety of "terrorism" some of which can be defined as an armed resistance (regardless of the legitimacy of the latter). Other forms of terrorism are, for him, conflicts of political orders and / or economic.

According geostrategic Chaliand, terrorism expert, Islamic terrorism is more a religiously inspired terrorism policy driven purely religious. This term of religiously inspired terrorism is also used by EUROPOL in its annual reports, including the report of 2015.

In the Arab-Muslim world, the terrorist acts in the name of Islam are generally condemned by religious authorities. In the case in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, commentators describe the Palestinian armed struggle of terrorism, assigning or not a religious cause, while Palestinians and their supporters see it as a resistance against Israel that unduly occupies part of their territories.

Several Islamist organizations describe their operations resistance against an occupying force. Thus, Hamas is an acronym for "Harakat al-Muqawama al-'islâmiya" meaning "Islamic Resistance Movement". The Hezbollah flag bears the slogan "al-al-Islamiyah Muqawamah fī Lubnān" which means "the Islamic resistance in Lebanon." In Iraq, several organizations (politically inspired and / or religious)waging a guerrilla war against the American military.

For his part, Dominique Baillet considers that Islamist terrorism is an interpretation neo fundamentalist moving away from the Koran and therefore the islam16: for him, sharia does not justify