CULTURE AND RELATION TO VALUES

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High medium Cont : France

Low Medium Cont : Britain

He defines cluture as an iceberg

1976 : analogy of culture

- Some aspect are visible

- But larger portion hidden beneath the surface

Means that the conscious part of culture is what we see. The subconscious part is below the surface.

To understand a culture ET HALL said you have to actively participate in it.

NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

- 5 major roles

- Can serve as repetition factor by repeat verbal message

- Can contradict the message the individual is trying to convey

- Can substitute for a verbal message

- Complement the message

- Accentuate the message (like pounding your fist on a table)

HOFSDETE

POWER DISTANCE INDEX

Degree of wich the less powerful members of a society accept/expect that power is distributed unequally. How society handles inequality ?

High power distance = people accept hierarchical order

INDIVIDUALISM VS COLLECTIVISM

“I” or “We” ?

Individualism =Preference for a loosely knit social framework in wich individuals are expected to care of only themselves/families. Collectivism = tightly knit framework in which individuals can expect their relatives or members of a group to look after them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty

MASCULINITY VS FEMINITY

“though” vs “tender” cultures

Masculinity = refers to achievement, heroism, material rewards for success. Competitive society

Feminity = cooperation, modesty, caring for the weak, quality of life.

UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE INDEX

Degree to which members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity.

How society deals with the fact that future can never be known? Control the future or just let it happen?

LONG TERME ORTIENTATION VS SHORT TERM NORMATIVE ORIENTATION

Links to the past

Low score = maintain traditions and norms

High score = pragmatic approach : they encourage efforts in modern education as a way to prepare future

INDULGENCE VS RESTRAINT

Indulgence = allowing relatively free gratifications of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun

Restraint = suppression of gratification of needs regulates - strict social norms