How are the legals foundations of peace-keeping from those of peace-enforcement ?

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up by road trucks. French, Italians, Belgians, Americans send aid but on government orders, these forces are no longer limited to a mission of evacuation of foreign nationals, leaving the Tutsi civilians. Peace-keepers are, too, abandoned to their impotence.

On April 12th, Minister Willy Claes, traumatized by the murder of the ten peace-keepers, announces to the UN Secretary General that the Belgian contingent of UNAMIR will be removed and he began a diplomatic action to try to persuade other countries to do the same. The UN authorizes France to undertake a military operation for humanitarian purposes ("Operation Turquoise " on June-August 1994) to provide assistance to civilian Rwandan refugees by hundreds of thousands in a security zone created in the southwest of the country, the Zaire border.

The Iraq was part of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty from October 19th, 1969. At the same time it has concluded a bilateral Treaty with the International Agency for Atomic Energy which was the aim of cooperation between Iraq and the IAEA in the field of nuclear weapons. According to Article II. of the Treaty on Iraq was forced to abstain from all forms of acquisition, production or development of nuclear weapons. Construction of Osirak nuclear reactor in 1976 is considered the first breach of the obligations of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty by Iraq. After the speech in 1991 the Iraq had to destroy all the nuclear materials he had and put an end to his nuclear weapon program. Even if Iraq never owned nuclear weapon it is found that his efforts to gain some during the 70s and 80s were an example of the flagrant violation of Article II of the Treaty of Nuclear Non-Proliferation.

Iraq has violated Article XVIII of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties signed in 1969 about obligation to not to deprive a Treaty of its object or purpose before its entry into force. Iraq has clearly violated the Vienna Convention and that were violations of articles I, II, IV of the 1972 Convention, other efforts of Iraq were to acquire or develop biological weapons in 1991.

Thus, this issue in international law, the UN enacted a resolution which states: "The Security Council decides that Iraq shall unconditionally accept to be destroyed, removed or rendered harmless under international suprevision all ballistic missile that reach more than 150 km and all the major parts and repair and production facilities." Since diplomatic methods are not led fast enough to the goal, it was necessary to justify the intervention with other reasoning. Therefore, the Security Council authorizes Member States to use all necessary means to uphold and implement Resolution 660 and to restore international peace and security in the region. The notion of peace-enforcement is established.

There is no formal doctrine of UN peace-keeping. Rather, principles of peace-keeping have emerged from reflections on practice. The fundamental principles of UN peace-keeping are consent, impartiality, and the minimum use of force. The expansion of peace-keeping practice, and the debate it has stimulated, has been one of the most significant developments in peace-keeping since the inception of the institution. Nevertheless, the UN detains the power of peace-enforcement, which is used only in case of extreme necessity, meaning when peacekeeping fails, solely unanimously within the Security Council.

While this expansion of peace-keeping practice has created enormous burdens for the United Nations, arguably it has also made the Organization a more indispensable actor in the maintenance of international peace and security.

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